ЛЬНЯНОЙ ХОЛСТ изготавливается из пряжи стеблей льна. Обладает наибольшей прочностью и стойкостью к влиянию атмосферной влаги, температурным колебаниям. Волокно льна в несравненно меньшей степени, чем другие, способно к структурным изменениям. Это позволяет льняным тканям сохранять первоначальную фактуру (зернистость), имеющую немаловажное значение для живописи.
ГРУБЫЙ ХОЛСТ/ТЕАТРАЛЬНЫЙ Они непрочны, легко деформируются. Кроме того, полотно в процессе производства обрабатывается кислотой, поэтому имеет повышенную кислотность, что отрицательно сказывается на его прочности. Неравномерные нити требуют после проклейки специальной зачистки, это нарушает крепость холста, приводит к неравномерному напряжению основы проклейки и грунта, грунт свободно пропускает связующее краски на оборотную сторону холста. По результатам наблюдения за сохранностью картин на этих холстах очевидно, что для живописи они непригодны. К сожалению, многие произведения наших художников написаны и пишутся именно на таких холстах. Также непригодна мешковина из грубостебельных (жёстких, лубяных) волокон: джута, кенафа и отходов первичной обработки и чесания низкомерного льна и короткого волокна.
ХЛОПЧАТОБУМАЖНЫЙ холст изготавливают из пряжи, получаемой из семян хлопчатника. По прочности значительно уступает льняным тканям. Очень гигроскопичен (поглощает влагу), подвержен гниению, в нём легко развивается плесень. Натянутый на подрамнике холст из хлопка через некоторое время провисает. Для живописных целей не рекомендуется.
СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИЙ холст вырабатывается из пряжи, нить которой получают из полиэстера (вырабатывается из отходов нефтеперегона). Он прочен, весьма стоек, не подвержен гниению, не имеет тенденции к расширению и сжатию в зависимости от влажности среды. Тем не менее вопрос о применении холстов из полиэстера в качестве основы для живописи нельзя считать окончательно решённым. Больше подходит для живописи акрилом чем маслом, из за свойств сцепления красок с поверхностью.
Виды холстов
Слово «холст» не означает какую-то конкретную ткань. Это принятое в художественной среде общее название материала из ткани, используемой для живописного основания.
Вот несколько самых распространенных видов холста и их характеристики:
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